Compare driving rules between states
Each value comes from that state's own driver manual or license guide; open a state for the sources.
Independent educational site · not affiliated with any government agency or DMV
Deadline to switch your license
| Alabama | 30 days after establishing residence; you may drive on your valid previous-state license until then. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | The manual does not state it |
| Arizona | The manual does not state it |
| Arkansas | Within 30 calendar days of becoming a resident; nonresidents present six months also need one. |
| California | You must get a California license within 10 days of becoming a resident and driving here. |
| Colorado | Within 30 days of establishing Colorado residency. |
| Connecticut | The manual does not state it |
| Delaware | 60 days after becoming a resident. |
| Florida | 30 days after you become a Florida resident. |
| Georgia | 30 days after becoming a Georgia resident. |
| Hawaii | The manual does not state it |
| Idaho | 30 days of living in Idaho, whether or not your out-of-state license has expired. |
| Illinois | Within 90 days of moving, or before your out-of-state license expires, whichever comes first. |
| Indiana | 60 days after becoming an Indiana resident to get an Indiana driver's license. |
| Iowa | The manual does not state it |
| Kansas | You must have a Kansas driver's license within 90 days of moving to Kansas. |
| Kentucky | 30 days after establishing residence |
| Louisiana | 30 days from when residency is established |
| Maine | 30 days from becoming a Maine resident; you must surrender your out-of-state license. |
| Maryland | Within 60 days of becoming a Maryland resident. |
| Massachusetts | No grace period: new residents must get a Massachusetts license when they become residents. |
| Michigan | Apply as soon as you become a Michigan resident; there is no grace period. |
| Minnesota | 60 days after becoming a resident (30 days for commercial drivers). |
| Mississippi | Within 60 days of moving to Mississippi (license plate: within 30 days) |
| New Jersey | Within 60 days of moving, or before your current license expires, whichever comes first. |
| New York | Within 30 days of becoming a New York resident, exchange your out-of-state license for a New York one. |
| North Carolina | 60 days after establishing permanent residence, if you plan to drive. |
| Ohio | Within 30 days of establishing residency, transfer your out-of-state license, vehicle title and registration. |
| Oregon | 30 days after becoming an Oregon resident, to get an Oregon driver license if you want to drive. |
| Pennsylvania | 60 days after moving, if you hold a valid license from another U.S. state or Canada. |
| Texas | Up to 90 days to drive on a valid out-of-state license; transfer in person. |
Tests when you transfer a license
| Alabama | No driver examination if the out-of-state license has not been expired for more than one year. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Written and vision tests; no driving test if licensed within 5 years in U.S., Canada or South Korea. |
| Arizona | The manual does not state it |
| Arkansas | The manual does not state it |
| California | Vision and knowledge tests. The drive test is normally waived, but DMV may require one. |
| Colorado | Applicable tests may be required; eye exam for in-person issuance; license expired over 1 year: written test. |
| Connecticut | Transfer includes a vision test at a full-service DMV office; appointment made online. |
| Delaware | Eye screening is required; written and road exams are normally waived if your license is valid. |
| Florida | No written or driving test when exchanging a valid U.S. state license; vision and hearing tests are required. |
| Georgia | Valid out-of-state license: vision exam only. Expired about two years or more: knowledge, road and vision exams. |
| Hawaii | Valid other-state license (classes 1-3): knowledge and road tests may be waived; Honolulu: eye test and fingerprints. |
| Idaho | Surrender your license and pass the Class D knowledge test; also the skills test if expired 25 months or more. |
| Illinois | Vision screening and written exam, and possibly a driving exam. |
| Indiana | The manual does not state it |
| Iowa | Vision screening required; with a valid out-of-state license you may not need the knowledge or driving test. |
| Kansas | Valid license: no written or driving test, vision test may be required. Expired license: all three tests. |
| Kentucky | No tests for a valid out-of-state license or one expired under 1 year; older: written and vision tests. |
| Louisiana | Valid non-commercial out-of-state license: only the vision test; no other exam. |
| Maine | A vision screening is included; the written and road tests may be waived with a valid out-of-state license. |
| Maryland | Vision screening (within 24 months) required; license expired over 12 months ago: knowledge, skills and vision tests. |
| Massachusetts | Active or expired under 1 year: no written or road test. Over 1 year: written, road, eye tests. |
| Michigan | A valid, unexpired US state, territory or Canadian license converts with no written test; you take a vision test. |
| Minnesota | Valid license, 21+: vision test only. Under 21 or expired under a year: written test. |
| Mississippi | Valid out-of-state license: knowledge exam waived, vision screening required; no road test for a regular license. |
| New Jersey | Age 18+ with a valid, non-probationary license: no knowledge or road test; vision screening is required. |
| New York | The manual does not state it |
| North Carolina | Written and road tests may be waived with a valid out-of-state license; driving test only if examiner requires. |
| Ohio | You complete a vision screening; only first-time drivers or those with an expired out-of-state license must test. |
| Oregon | US, Canadian, German, Japanese, South Korean, Taiwanese licenses usually transfer test-free; knowledge test if expired about a year or more. |
| Pennsylvania | Vision screening; no knowledge test if license is valid or expired 6 months or less; otherwise all three tests. |
| Texas | 18+, license valid or expired up to 2 years: no knowledge or driving test. Under 18: driving test. |
Liability insurance
| Alabama | Liability insurance required to operate or register; minimum $25,000 for one person's injury, $50,000 for two or more. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Owner or driver must carry liability insurance; minimum $50,000/$100,000 injury or death, $25,000 property damage. |
| Arizona | Minimum liability coverage, private passenger vehicle: $25,000 injury one person, $50,000 two or more, $15,000 property. |
| Arkansas | Drivers must show proof of insurance when an officer asks; the minimum coverage is not stated. |
| California | Minimum coverage: $30,000 for one death or injury, $60,000 for more than one, $15,000 property damage. |
| Colorado | Proof of insurance is required while driving; not showing it when an officer asks can cost your driving privilege. |
| Connecticut | Continuous insurance coverage is required on any registered vehicle. |
| Delaware | Proof of liability insurance must be carried; minimum $25,000 for one person, $50,000 for two or more injured. |
| Florida | Proof of PIP and property damage liability insurance is required to register a vehicle; minimum $10,000 of each. |
| Georgia | Georgia-registered vehicles need liability insurance of at least the legal minimum; failing to show proof leads to suspension. |
| Hawaii | Every owner of a car, bus or truck must have motor vehicle insurance to register or operate it. |
| Idaho | Failing to carry vehicle insurance can lead to suspension; a first offense needs one year of proof of financial responsibility. |
| Illinois | Minimum liability insurance: $25,000 for one person, $50,000 for more than one, $20,000 property damage. |
| Indiana | Liability insurance meeting the state minimum is required; the minimum is commonly called 25/50/25. |
| Iowa | A liability policy must cover you as operator; carry an insurance card as proof. Minimum not stated. |
| Kansas | Continuous liability insurance is required on your vehicle; failing to keep it means an indefinite suspension. |
| Kentucky | Required: $25,000 injury per person, $50,000 injury per accident, $25,000 property damage minimum liability coverage. |
| Louisiana | Any vehicle used on Louisiana highways must be insured with liability insurance or an allowable substitute. |
| Maine | Every owner and operator must keep vehicle liability insurance; any vehicle you drive must be insured, even if not yours. |
| Maryland | Owners must carry personal injury and property damage liability insurance in legal amounts; carry a valid insurance card when driving. |
| Massachusetts | Minimum bodily injury limits are $25,000/$50,000; an out-of-state-registered road-test vehicle needs proof of Massachusetts minimum coverage. |
| Michigan | The manual does not state it |
| Minnesota | Owners of vehicles driven on public roads must carry no-fault and liability insurance, with proof in the vehicle. |
| Mississippi | Liability insurance required; minimums: $25,000 one person, $50,000 two or more people, $25,000 property damage. |
| New Jersey | Liability insurance is mandatory; every registered vehicle must have it. |
| New York | Liability insurance is required; minimum $50,000 for one death, $100,000 for two or more, $10,000 property damage. |
| North Carolina | Minimum liability insurance: $30,000 per person, $60,000 all injuries, $25,000 property damage. |
| Ohio | Required. Minimum liability: $25,000 one person, $50,000 two or more people, $25,000 property damage. |
| Oregon | Insurance required; minimums per collision: $25,000 one person, $50,000 two or more injured, $20,000 property damage. |
| Pennsylvania | Automobile liability insurance is required on a registered vehicle at all times; minimum coverage not stated. |
| Texas | Minimum liability insurance: $30,000 per person injured, $60,000 for two or more people, $25,000 property damage. |
Change of address
| Alabama | Notify the Driver License Division within 30 days of changing your address. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | The manual does not state it |
| Arizona | Notify MVD within 10 days of any change of name or address. |
| Arkansas | The manual does not state it |
| California | Report a change of address to DMV within 10 days of moving. |
| Colorado | Report a change of address or name to the DMV within 30 days. |
| Connecticut | Update the DMV within 48 hours of any change of address. |
| Delaware | 30 days to notify both the Vehicle Registration and Driver License sections. |
| Florida | 30 days to update the address on your license after you move. |
| Georgia | Within 60 days of moving, at a DDS center or on the DDS website. |
| Hawaii | Notify the county examiner of drivers in writing within 30 days of changing your residence address. |
| Idaho | Notify ITD within 30 days when your address changes. |
| Illinois | Within 10 days of any move, notify the Secretary of State's office. |
| Indiana | Notify the BMV of a legal address change and apply for an amended credential within 30 days. |
| Iowa | Tell the DOT within 30 days whenever your mailing address changes. |
| Kansas | The manual does not state it |
| Kentucky | Update the address on your credential within 10 days of a move. |
| Louisiana | Correct the address on your license within 10 days after a move, in person. |
| Maine | Notify the Bureau of Motor Vehicles within 30 days of a change of name or address. |
| Maryland | Report a change of address within 30 days of moving. |
| Massachusetts | Notify the RMV of a change of address within 30 days of moving. |
| Michigan | The manual does not state it |
| Minnesota | The manual does not state it |
| Mississippi | The manual does not state it |
| New Jersey | Report a change of address to the MVC within one week after moving. |
| New York | Notify DMV within 10 days of a change of address (by mail, form MV-232, or online). |
| North Carolina | Within 60 days: notify the division of the new address and obtain a duplicate license. |
| Ohio | The manual does not state it |
| Oregon | Notify DMV within 30 days of changing your address. |
| Pennsylvania | Notify PennDOT within 15 days of a change of name or address. |
| Texas | Report a change of address to DPS within 30 days. |
How long the license lasts
| Alabama | A license expires four years after it is issued. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Expires on your birthday in the eighth year after issue; under 21: 90 days after turning 21. |
| Arizona | Generally valid until age 65; a license first issued at 60 or older lasts up to five years. |
| Arkansas | The manual does not state it |
| California | A driver's license is renewed every 5 years. |
| Colorado | The manual does not state it |
| Connecticut | The manual does not state it |
| Delaware | Eight years, with a few listed exceptions. |
| Florida | Class E license: 8 years if under 80, 6 years if over 79 (U.S. citizens and immigrants). |
| Georgia | A renewed license is valid for up to 8 years. |
| Hawaii | Honolulu: ages 25-71 expire on the eighth birthday after issue; ages 17-24 get a four-year license. |
| Idaho | A renewal is valid for four or eight years; ages 21 to 62 may choose eight. |
| Illinois | Generally 4 years, expiring on your birthday; under 21, three months after your 21st birthday. |
| Indiana | Six years if under 75; three years at ages 75 through 84; two years at 85 or older. |
| Iowa | Eight years if older than 17 years 11 months, through age 72; two years if younger; shorter after 72. |
| Kansas | The manual does not state it |
| Kentucky | 4 years or 8 years |
| Louisiana | Six years from your nearest birthday. |
| Maine | The manual does not state it |
| Maryland | Typically renewed for 8 years. |
| Massachusetts | A Massachusetts driver's license is valid for a maximum of five years and typically expires on your birthday. |
| Michigan | Usually 4 years, expiring on your birthday; under 21, it expires on your 21st birthday. |
| Minnesota | Usually expires on your birthday; renewed every four years after age 21. |
| Mississippi | Regular Class R license: offered as a 4-year or an 8-year license |
| New Jersey | A New Jersey license is valid for four years. |
| New York | Your first license is valid up to 5 years; a renewed license is valid 8 years. |
| North Carolina | 8 years for ages 18 to 65; 5 years for age 66 and older. |
| Ohio | 4 years; qualified drivers aged 21 to 64 may choose 8 years. Under 21: expires on 21st birthday. |
| Oregon | Valid for up to eight years. |
| Pennsylvania | 4 years, expiring the day after your birthday; age 65+ may choose 2-year renewal. |
| Texas | A Texas driver license is valid for up to 8 years; some people get a shorter term. |
Teen driving hours
| Alabama | Stage II: no driving 12 midnight-6 a.m. except with parent, licensed driver 21+ with parent's consent, school/religious events, work, emergencies. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Provisional license: no driving 1-5 a.m. unless with a parent, guardian or licensed person 21+; direct work trips excepted. |
| Arizona | Class G, first 6 months: no driving midnight-5 a.m. except with parent/guardian, or for school, work, religious activity, family emergency. |
| Arkansas | Intermediate license: no driving 11 p.m.-4 a.m. unless with a licensed driver 21+, going to/from school, church, job or emergency. |
| California | No driving 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. for the first 12 months; exceptions for school, work, medical, family. |
| Colorado | First year: no driving midnight to 5 a.m.; exceptions: school/work with signed statement, medical emergencies. |
| Connecticut | Ages 16-17: no driving 11 p.m.-5 a.m., except work, school, religious activities, medical necessity, Safe Ride Program drivers. |
| Delaware | After 6 months: alone 6 a.m.-10 p.m.; 10 p.m.-6 a.m. supervised, except directly to/from church, work, on-campus school activities. |
| Florida | Licensed 16-year-olds: no driving 11 p.m.-6 a.m.; 17-year-olds: 1-5 a.m.; unless to/from work or with a licensed driver 21+. |
| Georgia | Class D (ages 16 and 17): no driving between 12:00 midnight and 5:00 a.m., no exceptions. |
| Hawaii | Provisional: 11 p.m.-5 a.m. only with a licensed parent or guardian, except to/from work or school-authorized activities. |
| Idaho | Under 16: daylight only (5 a.m. to 10 p.m.) unless a licensed driver 21+ sits beside you. |
| Illinois | Permit and first-stage license: no driving Sun-Thu 10 p.m.-6 a.m., Fri-Sat 11 p.m.-6 a.m.; local curfews may differ. |
| Indiana | First 180 days: no driving 10 p.m.-5 a.m. Then under 18: Sun-Thu after 11 p.m.; Sat-Sun 1-5 a.m. |
| Iowa | Intermediate license: no unsupervised driving 12:30 a.m. to 5 a.m.; a parent waiver form allows school or work driving. |
| Kansas | 16-year-olds: 5 a.m.-9 p.m., or anytime for work, authorized school activities, worship, or with a licensed 21+ adult up front. |
| Kentucky | Permit holders under 18 and intermediate drivers: no driving midnight-6:00 a.m. without good cause, such as emergencies, school, work. |
| Louisiana | Intermediate license restricts driving between 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. |
| Maine | Licensed drivers under 18 may not drive between midnight and 5 a.m.; these restrictions last 270 days. |
| Maryland | Under 18, provisional: no unsupervised driving midnight to 5 a.m., except job, volunteer, school or athletic trips. |
| Massachusetts | Under-18 permit: no driving 12:00-5:00 a.m. without licensed parent/guardian with 1+ year experience. JOL: no driving 12:30-5:00 a.m. without parent/guardian. |
| Michigan | Level 2 license: no driving 10 p.m. to 5 a.m., except with a qualifying adult or for work. |
| Minnesota | First six months of a provisional license: no driving midnight to 5 a.m., with listed exceptions. |
| Mississippi | The manual does not state it |
| New Jersey | Under 21 with permit or probationary license: no driving 11:01 p.m.-5:00 a.m.; work or religion exemption. |
| New York | Junior license, upstate 9 PM-5 AM: only home-work or school-course trips unless supervised; New York City: not allowed. |
| North Carolina | Level Two unsupervised: 5 a.m.-9 p.m.; anytime directly to/from work, or volunteer fire, rescue, emergency medical service if a member. |
| Ohio | Under 18: no driving midnight-6 a.m. in first 12 months of licensure, then 1-5 a.m.; exceptions apply. |
| Oregon | Provisional (until 18 or 1 year): midnight-5 AM banned except work, school events lacking transport, or with licensed driver 25+. |
| Pennsylvania | Junior license: no driving 11 p.m.-5 a.m. without a parent/guardian, except documented work, fire company or public service. |
| Texas | No driving between midnight and 5:00 a.m., except for work, school activity or medical emergency. |
Passengers for teen drivers
| Alabama | Stage II: no more than one passenger besides parents, legal guardians or family members. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Provisional license: no passengers unless a parent, guardian or person 21+ is along; siblings are allowed. |
| Arizona | Class G, first 6 months: at most one passenger under 18, except siblings or with a parent/guardian in front. |
| Arkansas | Intermediate license: at most one unrelated minor passenger unless a licensed driver 21+ is in the front seat. |
| California | No passengers under 20 unless a parent, guardian or California-licensed driver aged 25+ rides along. |
| Colorado | Under 18: after 6 months, 1 passenger under 21; after 1 year, up to seat-belt count. Siblings exempt. |
| Connecticut | First 6 months: instructor, parent/guardian or one qualified person 20+; months 7-12 also immediate family; no more passengers than seatbelts. |
| Delaware | First 12 months: supervisor plus one other passenger (immediate family exempt with supervisor present); unsupervised driving: one passenger. |
| Florida | The manual does not state it |
| Georgia | First 6 months: immediate family only. Next 6: one non-family passenger under 21. Then: at most three such passengers. |
| Hawaii | Provisional license: only one passenger under 18 who is not a household member. |
| Idaho | Under 17, first 6 months: one passenger under 17 at most, unless related. |
| Illinois | Permit: one in front, one per back-seat belt. First 12 months or until 18: one under-20 passenger except (step)siblings, (step)children. |
| Indiana | First 180 days: no passengers unless an approved person sits in front; own child, sibling or spouse allowed. |
| Iowa | Intermediate license, first six months unsupervised: at most one unrelated minor unless parent waived; never more passengers than seat belts. |
| Kansas | Age 15 restricted license: no minor passengers who are not siblings. |
| Kentucky | One unrelated passenger under 20 (permit holders; intermediate license holders under 18). |
| Louisiana | The manual does not state it |
| Maine | Licensed under-18 drivers: immediate family passengers only, unless a driver licensed 2 years for that class sits beside them. |
| Maryland | Provisional license under 18: first 151 days, no unsupervised driving with passengers under 18 unless immediate family. |
| Massachusetts | First 6 months of JOL: no non-family passengers under 18, unless licensed driver 21+ (1+ year experience) sits beside you. |
| Michigan | Level 2: at most one passenger under 21, except immediate family, with a parent/guardian/designated adult, or for work. |
| Minnesota | Provisional license: one under-20 passenger in months 1-6, max three in 7-12; except with parent or guardian, or immediate family. |
| Mississippi | The manual does not state it |
| New Jersey | Exam permit or probationary license under 21: only dependents plus 1 other passenger, unless a parent/guardian is with you. |
| New York | Junior license: one passenger under 21, unless family or supervised by parent, guardian or instructor. |
| North Carolina | Level Two unsupervised: one under-21 non-household passenger, plus one student driven directly to/from school; all household members: no limit. |
| Ohio | Under 18, first 12 months: one non-family passenger at most, unless a parent or guardian rides along. |
| Oregon | Provisional: first 6 months no under-20 non-family passengers; next 6 months max 3; exempt with instructor or parent. |
| Pennsylvania | Junior license: max 1 non-family passenger under 18 without parent/guardian; 3 after 6 months with clean record. |
| Texas | No more than 1 passenger under 21 who is not a family member. |
Alcohol limit under 21
| Alabama | Unlawful for a driver under 21 to drive with blood alcohol of .02% or more. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Any amount of alcohol while driving under 21 is an offense; the DMV revokes the license. |
| Arizona | Under 21: any alcohol concentration is grounds for license suspension. |
| Arkansas | A driver under 21 can be arrested for underage DUI at 0.02%; license may be revoked until 21. |
| California | Drivers under 21 face a near-zero limit of 0.01%. |
| Colorado | Under 21: license may be revoked for a BAC over .02; even a trace of alcohol is punishable. |
| Connecticut | Zero tolerance under 21: .02% or more, on public roads and private property. |
| Delaware | Zero Tolerance Law covers drivers under 21; as little as one drink can make driving illegal; first offense: 2-month revocation. |
| Florida | Driver under 21 with alcohol level .02 or higher: automatic six-month suspension. |
| Georgia | Under 21: under the influence at 0.02 or more. Teen's first DUI at 0.02 to below 0.08: 6-month minimum suspension. |
| Hawaii | Zero tolerance: drivers under 21 may not drive with a blood alcohol content of .02 or more. |
| Idaho | A driver under 21 is considered driving under the influence at a BAC of .02 or more. |
| Illinois | Zero tolerance under 21: any trace of alcohol while driving brings at least a 3-month suspension. |
| Indiana | The manual does not state it |
| Iowa | Under the legal drinking age, BAC .02 or more is intoxicated; license revoked at least 60 days. |
| Kansas | Driver under 21 can be arrested for alcohol impairment at .02% BAC; under 21 may not drink alcohol. |
| Kentucky | Drivers under 21 are in violation at an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or more. |
| Louisiana | Under 21: legal limit .02; a BAC of 0.02% or more means 180-day suspension. |
| Maine | Zero tolerance: no one under 21 may drive after consuming any amount of alcohol. |
| Maryland | Under 21, stopped after drinking: license suspended or revoked. Provisional holders aged 18 to 20: no measurable alcohol. |
| Massachusetts | Zero-tolerance law: a driver under 21 with a BAC of 0.02 or higher loses their license. |
| Michigan | The manual does not state it |
| Minnesota | Zero tolerance: no alcohol at all for drivers under 21; a first conviction means a 30-day suspension. |
| Mississippi | Zero Tolerance for underage drivers; a driver under 21 is under the influence at 0.02% BAC or more. |
| New Jersey | Illegal to drive with a blood alcohol level of 0.01 percent or higher when under 21. |
| New York | Zero tolerance: under 21 with any measurable BAC (.02-.07) is a violation; six-month suspension. |
| North Carolina | Under 21: conviction for driving with any alcohol or drugs in the body means a one-year license revocation. |
| Ohio | Under 21: .02% BAC or higher is illegal; a conviction can bring a three-month to two-year suspension. |
| Oregon | Zero tolerance: under 21, any amount of blood alcohol fails the test. |
| Pennsylvania | Zero tolerance: no drinking under 21; a blood alcohol level of .02 or greater counts as DUI. |
| Texas | Zero tolerance: DPS may suspend the license of a driver under 21 with any detectable amount of alcohol. |
Refusing a chemical test
| Alabama | Deemed consent to blood, breath or urine tests; refusing after a DUI arrest suspends the license. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Refusal brings DUI and Refusal charges, 90-day first-offense revocation, and no limited work driving privilege. |
| Arizona | Driving implies consent to testing; refusal costs driving privilege 12 months, 24 for a second within 84 months. |
| Arkansas | You are required by law to take the test; refusing can cost you your driver's license. |
| California | Driving means you consented to chemical tests; refusing a test means one year suspension or revocation. |
| Colorado | Driving means you agree to a chemical test; refusal means 1-year revocation and 2 years of ignition interlock. |
| Connecticut | Refusing a test after a DUI arrest: license suspended at least 45 days, any age. |
| Delaware | Refusal may lead to revocation: 12 months, 1st offense, after an unfavorable administrative hearing; tests may proceed without consent. |
| Florida | Signing your license means agreeing to blood, urine or breath tests; first refusal of a lawful test: automatic one-year suspension. |
| Georgia | Refusing state chemical testing: license suspended at least one year; blood or urine refusal may be evidence. |
| Hawaii | Refusing: license taken with 30-day temporary permit; revocation 1, 2 or 4 years, depending on prior alcohol contacts. |
| Idaho | Drivers consent to testing; refusal upheld by the court: one-year suspension; second refusal within 10 years: two years. |
| Illinois | Refusal means a one-year suspension (three years for a second offender); the refusal may be used as evidence. |
| Indiana | Refusing a chemical test: one-year suspension; two years with a prior intoxicated-driving conviction. |
| Iowa | Refusing a breathalyzer test brings automatic one-year license revocation, and you can still be convicted of OWI. |
| Kansas | Licensed drivers consent to lawful tests; refusal means a 1-year suspension (2 years for a second). |
| Kentucky | Must take any lawfully requested test; refusal can be DUI evidence in court; a DUI conviction after refusal brings suspension. |
| Louisiana | Driving means consent to testing; refusing suspends driving privileges 365 days (first offense), 730 days (second or later). |
| Maine | Driving means you consent to a test; refusing means immediate license suspension, up to six years. |
| Maryland | If police certify you refused a drug or alcohol test, the MVA suspends your license. |
| Massachusetts | Refusal: license taken, suspended at once; 180 days over 21 with no prior OUI, longer at 18-21. |
| Michigan | Refusing a chemical test means license suspension and 6 points; consent is given when you apply or renew. |
| Minnesota | Refusing the test is a crime; revocation of one to six years, depending on priors. |
| Mississippi | You may refuse the test, but must surrender your license to the officer immediately; it is administratively suspended 90 days. |
| New Jersey | Drivers consent to breath tests after DUI arrests; refusal is illegal: license loss, fines, detention, possible blood draw. |
| New York | Refusal: license suspended at arraignment, revoked after DMV hearing even if found not guilty; first refusal over 21: one-year minimum revocation. |
| North Carolina | Refusing a chemical test: immediate revocation of at least 30 days, plus a minimum 12-month revocation by DMV. |
| Ohio | Refusal brings license suspension: one year for a first refusal, two years with one prior refusal or conviction. |
| Oregon | Driving means you agree to breath, blood or urine tests; refusal may bring a fine and/or license suspension. |
| Pennsylvania | Breath/blood test expected after DUI arrest; first refusal means automatic 1-year suspension, even if found not guilty. |
| Texas | Adult refusing a breath or blood test: license suspended 180 days; up to 730 days for later offenses. |
Seat belts
| Alabama | Each occupant, regardless of age, must be restrained. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | All passengers, regardless of age, must use a belt or restraint; passengers 18 and older are cited. |
| Arizona | Drivers must make all passengers under 16 buckle up; a front-seat lap-only belt must be fastened while moving. |
| Arkansas | Driver and front-seat passenger must wear safety belts; all children under 15 need appropriate restraints. |
| California | Driver and passengers must wear seat belts; the driver can also be ticketed if a passenger under 16 is unbelted. |
| Colorado | Driver, front-seat passengers and children under 16 must buckle up; all passengers if the driver is under 18. |
| Connecticut | Illegal to drive or ride without a safety belt; drivers must ensure passengers aged 7-16 wear one. |
| Delaware | All occupants must wear seatbelts; officers may stop a vehicle for an unrestrained occupant. |
| Florida | Required for all drivers, front seat passengers and passengers under 18; driver is charged for unbelted minors. |
| Georgia | Everyone in the front seat and all occupants under 18; police may stop you for it alone. |
| Hawaii | All front and back seat occupants must use seat belts, at all times when driving or riding. |
| Idaho | All occupants must wear safety belts or shoulder straps in vehicles factory-equipped with them. |
| Illinois | All drivers and passengers age 8 and older, front and back seats, even with air bags. |
| Indiana | Driver and all passengers must wear seat belts at all times while the vehicle is in motion. |
| Iowa | Adults 18+ buckle in front seats; backseat passengers under 18 too. Not wearing one is a primary offense. |
| Kansas | Primary law: police can stop a vehicle solely for an unrestrained front-seat adult or an unrestrained child anywhere. |
| Kentucky | Driver and all passengers in vehicles made after 1981; primary law, so police can stop you for it. |
| Louisiana | All passengers in front and back seats of cars, vans and pickup trucks must be buckled. |
| Maine | Everyone must have a fastened safety belt or child seat; passengers 18 and older must wear a belt. |
| Maryland | The driver and all passengers must wear a safety belt or be buckled in a child safety seat. |
| Massachusetts | Everyone in passenger vehicles, including vans and small trucks under 18,000 lbs; fines only when stopped for a traffic violation. |
| Michigan | Driver and all front-seat occupants must buckle up; all passengers under 16 in every seating position. |
| Minnesota | Driver and all passengers, including back seat; police may stop you for a seat belt violation alone. |
| Mississippi | Driver and all passengers, front or back seat, must wear a properly fastened seat belt. |
| New Jersey | Driver and all passengers; primary offense for driver, front passenger and under-18s; secondary for back-seat adults. |
| New York | Drivers and passengers 16 or older must buckle up; police can stop a vehicle for it alone. |
| North Carolina | Driver and all passengers must be buckled whenever the vehicle moves forward; passengers under 16 must be secured. |
| Ohio | Drivers and front-seat occupants of most passenger vehicles must wear belts; with a new driver under 18, everyone must. |
| Oregon | Mandatory for all drivers and passengers in all available seating positions. |
| Pennsylvania | Drivers and front-seat passengers must buckle up; passengers 8 to under 18 must wear one in any seat. |
| Texas | Driver and all passengers, any age, in belted seats. Unbelted passenger under 17: the driver is fined. |
Child safety seats
| Alabama | Rear-facing until at least 1 year or 20 lb; forward-facing until at least 5 years or 40 lb; booster until age 6. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Rear-facing seat: under 1 or under 20 lb. Booster: over 4, under 8, under 57 in, 20 to under 65 lb. |
| Arizona | More than one child under 8: as many as reasonable in DOT-standard restraints, used per instructions. |
| Arkansas | A child under 6 and under 60 pounds needs a child safety seat; all under 15 need restraints. |
| California | Under 8 or under 4′9″: child seat in the rear seat. Rear-facing: under 2, under 40 lb and under 3′4″. |
| Colorado | Under 2 (<40 lb): rear-facing, rear seat; 2-3 (20+ lb): rear seat if available; 4-8 (40+ lb): restraint or booster. |
| Connecticut | Restraint required under 16; under 2 or under 30 lb: rear-facing seat; 8+ and 60+ lb: booster or belt. |
| Delaware | Under 2 and 30 lb rear-facing; under 4 and 40 lb harnessed seat; then booster to manufacturer limit. |
| Florida | Under age 4: safety seat; ages 4 and 5: safety seat or booster seat. |
| Georgia | Children under 8 need an appropriate child restraint system, except in taxicabs and public transit vehicles. |
| Hawaii | Under 4: child restraint. Under 8: booster seat if under four feet and less than forty pounds. |
| Idaho | Children 6 or younger in non-commercial vehicles must ride in approved child car safety seats. |
| Illinois | Children under 8 need a child restraint; rear-facing until age 2 unless over 40 lb or 40 in. |
| Indiana | Passengers under eight must be properly secured in a child restraint such as a car seat or booster. |
| Iowa | Under 1 and under 20 lb: rear-facing seat. Under 6: restraint. Ages 6 to 17: restraint or belt. |
| Kansas | Children under age 4 must be in a federally approved child safety seat. |
| Kentucky | 40 inches or less: child restraint; under 8 and 40-57 inches: booster seat; over 57 inches: no booster needed. |
| Louisiana | Birth to 2: rear-facing car seat; 2-4: forward-facing car seat; 4-9: booster seat. |
| Maine | Under 18, older than 8 or over 4 ft 9 in: seat belt unless a restraint is required. |
| Maryland | Under 8: child safety seat unless 4'9" or taller. Under 2: rear-facing seat. Under 13: rear seat advised. |
| Massachusetts | Federally approved child restraint until at least age eight or 57 inches tall, then safety belts. |
| Michigan | Car or booster seat until age 8 or 4'9", whichever first; under 4: rear seat, if the vehicle has one. |
| Minnesota | Under 2: rear-facing until seat's limit; 4-9 too big for car seat: booster; belt at 9 or past booster limit. |
| Mississippi | Under 4: car seat. Ages 4 to under 7, under 4 ft 9 in or 65 lb: booster. |
| New Jersey | Back seat: under 2 and 30 lb rear-facing; under 4 and 40 lb harness; under 8 and 57 in booster/harness. |
| New York | Rear-facing until age 2 (or seat limit); ages 4-7 booster with lap-shoulder belt; 8-15 seat belt. |
| North Carolina | Under 8 and 80 lb: child restraint; under 5 and 40 lb: rear seat if passenger air bag active. |
| Ohio | Under age 4 or under 40 lb: child seat; ages 4-7: booster unless 4 ft 9 in tall. |
| Oregon | Approved child seat until age 8 or 4 ft 9 in with proper belt fit; infants rear-facing until age 2. |
| Pennsylvania | Under 4: child safety seat; 4 to under 8: booster seat; under 2: rear-facing until the seat's limits. |
| Texas | Children under 8 must be in a federally approved car seat unless taller than 4 feet 9 inches. |
Phone use while driving
| Alabama | Holding a phone is a violation when driving improperly, e.g. swerving; writing, sending or reading texts is banned. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Texting, web surfing and reading email while driving are against the law. |
| Arizona | No holding or supporting a wireless device, reading or writing texts, or watching video; hands-free and voice-to-text allowed. |
| Arkansas | Texting banned at any age; under 18: no phone or hands-free except emergencies; 18-20: hands-free only, hand-held for emergencies. |
| California | Holding a phone is illegal; mounted phone: single swipe or touch only. Minors: no calls or texts except emergencies. |
| Colorado | No texting while driving except emergencies or contacting police/fire; under 18: no phone calls or texting except emergency police calls. |
| Connecticut | 18+: hands-free accessories only, no hand-held even when stopped in traffic; 16-17: no phone, even hands-free, except emergencies. |
| Delaware | Hand-held cell phones are banned; talk only hands-free; GDL drivers may not use phones or devices, even hands-free. |
| Florida | Texting while driving is illegal; hand-held phone use is banned in school crossings, school zones and work zones. |
| Georgia | Hands Free Law: no holding or supporting a phone, no reading or writing texts, no watching video. |
| Hawaii | The manual does not state it |
| Idaho | Texting (reading, writing or sending) while driving is an infraction; the law excludes hands-free devices used without either hand. |
| Illinois | Age 19+: no handheld phone or texting. Under 19: no phone use at all, even hands-free, except emergencies. |
| Indiana | Typing, sending or reading texts or email on a handheld device while driving is banned; 911 calls allowed. |
| Iowa | Messages on a hand-held phone: stop off the roadway first. Drivers 18+: calls only hands-free. |
| Kansas | Writing, sending or reading texts/email while driving is banned (not GPS); talking or dialing isn't specifically illegal for unrestricted drivers. |
| Kentucky | The manual says you should not talk or text on a cell phone when driving. |
| Louisiana | Anyone, of any age, may not write, send or read text-based communication while driving. |
| Maine | Drivers under 18 and learner's permit holders may not use a mobile phone or handheld device while driving. |
| Maryland | Hand-held phone use, including texting, is illegal while driving; under 18, hands-free also banned except 911. |
| Massachusetts | Age 18+: hands-free only; hand-held only when stationary outside a travel lane. Under 18: no devices except emergencies. |
| Michigan | No holding or using a phone while driving, except one-button hands-free use; GDL 1–2 teens: no non-emergency calls. |
| Minnesota | No texting, email or internet while driving; hands-free mode allowed for fully licensed 18+. Under-18 permit/provisional holders: no phone use. |
| Mississippi | Texting and reading or posting to social media on a hand-held phone while driving are not allowed. |
| New Jersey | Hand-held phone or texting device banned (primary offense); hands-free allowed if safe, but banned for GDL holders. |
| New York | First offense: hand-held phone, up to $200 and 5 points; texting, up to $200; hands-free allowed anytime. |
| North Carolina | Unlawful to use a phone for email or texts while driving; under 18: only emergency calls. |
| Ohio | Drivers 18+: holding a phone is illegal in most cases; hands-free allowed. Under 18: no devices, even hands-free. |
| Oregon | Under 18: no cell phone or mobile device. Age 18 or older: hands-free accessory required. |
| Pennsylvania | Texting ban: using a wireless device to text, email or browse while driving is a primary offense. |
| Texas | Reading, writing or sending messages on a phone is illegal; under 18: no phone use, even hands-free, except emergencies. |
School buses
| Alabama | Stop for a stopped school bus, including on 4-6 lane undivided roads; not when opposite on divided 4+ lane roads. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | The manual does not state it |
| Arizona | Stop before a loading school bus; no stop needed on a divided roadway when traveling opposite. |
| Arkansas | Stop until the red lights go off; no stop if the bus is across a 20-foot-plus median. |
| California | Stop from both directions on undivided roads while red lights flash; not required across a divided or multilane highway. |
| Colorado | Stop 20+ feet away while red lights flash; two-lane: both directions stop; median: only vehicles behind. |
| Connecticut | Flashing-red school bus: stop on either side or at an intersection ahead; not if oncoming across a median or barrier. |
| Delaware | Stay stopped until red lights stop flashing and arm retracts; on roads under 4 lanes, both directions stop. |
| Florida | Both directions stop on two-way roads; opposite direction exempt only with a raised barrier or unpaved median 5+ feet wide. |
| Georgia | Stop when lights are red and stop signs out; on median-divided highways only following or alongside vehicles stop. |
| Hawaii | Bus's lane and adjacent lanes must stop when its red lamps flash; opposite direction on a divided highway need not. |
| Idaho | Stop for flashing red lights until children are clear; opposite traffic exempt on four-or-more-lane highways, two each way. |
| Illinois | Stop for a stopped school bus, including school-property lots; no stop if opposite on a four-lane road. |
| Indiana | Stop for a school bus with red lights flashing and stop arm out; barrier or unimproved median: same direction only. |
| Iowa | Stop for a stopped school bus with stop arm out; on roads of 4+ lanes, opposite-direction traffic need not stop. |
| Kansas | Stop for a bus with flashing red lights, even oncoming; not if a median or barrier separates you. |
| Kentucky | Stop arm and lights on: all directions stop; not opposite traffic on 4+ lanes with elevated barrier or unpaved median. |
| Louisiana | Stop for a school bus loading or unloading, meeting or behind it, unless a ditch, grassy median or concrete barrier separates you. |
| Maine | Stop for any school bus flashing red, except across a solid divider; wait until it moves or its driver signals. |
| Maryland | Stop when a school bus stops with flashing red lights; no stop if across a physical barrier. |
| Massachusetts | Stop either side for a school bus with flashing lights and stop sign; exception: other side of a barrier-divided highway. |
| Michigan | Stop at least 20 feet from a school bus flashing red overhead lights; not needed across a median barrier. |
| Minnesota | Stop at least 20 feet away until red lights stop; divided road: no stop if bus is across the divider. |
| Mississippi | Divided highway with 4+ lanes: same-direction traffic stops for a school bus with flashing red lights; opposite direction may continue. |
| New Jersey | Stop at least 25 ft away at flashing red lights; across a raised median or island, slow to 10 mph. |
| New York | Stop 20+ feet away for flashing red lights, also on the opposite side of a divided highway. |
| North Carolina | Stop for red lights; two-lane road: all traffic stops; divided 4+ lanes: only traffic following the bus. |
| Ohio | Stop for a school bus loading or unloading; four or more lanes: only same-direction traffic stops. |
| Oregon | Stop until red lights turn off; unpaved median or barrier: only same-side traffic stops; painted median: all lanes. |
| Pennsylvania | Stop 10+ feet away for flashing red lights and stop arm; exception: opposite side of a median-divided highway. |
| Texas | Stop from both directions for flashing red lights; except separate roadways and controlled-access loading zones where pedestrians cannot cross. |
Move Over law
| Alabama | Near stopped emergency vehicle or wrecker: 4+ lanes vacate nearest lane; two lanes move away in lane, slow. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Stationary emergency vehicle on four-lane road: move to the lane opposite the vehicle if safe; otherwise slow down. |
| Arizona | Move over one lane for a roadside vehicle with flashing lights; if unsafe, slow down and use caution. |
| Arkansas | Multilane highways: stopped police, Arkansas DOT, utility or tow vehicle with lights on: move over if possible, else slow down. |
| California | Move over and slow down for stopped emergency vehicles, tow trucks and road work vehicles with flashing lights. |
| Colorado | Leave at least one lane between you if possible; limit above 45 mph: slow to 20 under unless directed otherwise. |
| Connecticut | Move Over Law: for a pulled-over vehicle, slow below posted limit and move over one lane when safe. |
| Delaware | Multi-lane: move over a lane until past; two-lane: slow below limit; if unsafe, reduce to safe speed. |
| Florida | Multi-lane: vacate the lane nearest the vehicle; if unable, slow to 20 mph below limit. |
| Georgia | Move over for roadside emergency, sanitation or utility vehicles; if you cannot, slow below the speed limit. |
| Hawaii | Slow down or stop and move away to leave an empty lane, if possible and safe. |
| Idaho | Slow below the posted limit, cautiously; with two or more lanes your way, move to a non-adjacent lane if safe. |
| Illinois | Approaching a stationary emergency vehicle with lights on: yield, change lanes if possible, else slow down carefully. |
| Indiana | Flashing emergency vehicle: move right and stop, or change lanes; if unable, go 10 mph below limit. |
| Iowa | Change lanes when approaching certain stopped vehicles with flashing lights; if you can't, slow down and be ready to stop. |
| Kansas | Leave the closest lane to a stopped emergency vehicle if safe, or slow to a safe speed. |
| Kentucky | Use due caution; four-lane highway: slow, move left if safe; two-lane highway: approach slowly, pass with caution. |
| Louisiana | Move-over law: slow down and change lanes when approaching a roadside incident. |
| Maine | Slow down and yield; move over to the next lane if possible, otherwise slow down and use caution. |
| Maryland | Move over for vehicles stopped with lights flashing; if unsafe or impossible, slow to a safe speed. |
| Massachusetts | Stationary emergency vehicle with flashing lights: slow down; on highways of 4+ lanes, safely move to a non-adjacent lane. |
| Michigan | Emergency vehicle stopped with red, blue or amber lights: slow at least 10 mph below limit, move over if possible. |
| Minnesota | Emergency vehicle flashing on the shoulder: move a lane away if safe; if not, slow down, pass with caution. |
| Mississippi | Four-lane highway: merge away from a stopped emergency vehicle if safe, otherwise slow down, prepare to stop. |
| New Jersey | Move to a non-adjacent lane if safe; otherwise slow below the limit and be ready to stop. |
| New York | Slow down on all roads near stopped emergency vehicles; on multi-lane controlled-access roads, leave the adjacent lane if safe. |
| North Carolina | Lights-on parked emergency vehicle: 2+ lanes your way, move to a lane not nearest it; one lane, slow down. |
| Ohio | Move to an adjacent lane and/or slow down for stopped police and other covered vehicles with warning lights on. |
| Oregon | On multi-lane roads, change lanes away from vehicle stopped with flashing lights; may slow at least 5 mph under limit. |
| Pennsylvania | Move to a non-adjacent lane if possible; otherwise slow to at least 20 mph below the posted limit. |
| Texas | Vacate the closest lane (2+ lanes your way) or slow 20 mph below limit; covers emergency, tow, utility, TxDOT vehicles. |
Headlights
| Alabama | Half-hour after sunset to half-hour before sunrise; wipers in use for rain, sleet or snow; visibility under 500 feet. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Half hour after sunset to half hour before sunrise; by day if visibility is 1000 feet or less. |
| Arizona | Headlights on sunset to sunrise; low beam when glare, rain or dust make you hard to see. |
| Arkansas | Half hour after sunset to half hour before sunrise; wipers needed; objects unclear within 500 feet. |
| California | 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunrise; low beams with wipers; mountain roads, tunnels. |
| Colorado | From sunset to sunrise, or when visibility is under 1,000 feet; use them when bad weather limits visibility. |
| Connecticut | Headlights required at night and when it is hard to see; required whenever wipers are on. |
| Delaware | After sunset, before sunrise, in rain, mist or snow, wipers on, or when you cannot see 1,000 feet. |
| Florida | Between sunset and sunrise, whenever windshield wipers are on, and in low visibility such as fog or smoke. |
| Georgia | From half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise, in rain, and in limited visibility. |
| Hawaii | The manual says use low-beam headlamps in heavy rain, in fog, and shortly before sunrise and after sunset. |
| Idaho | Sunset to sunrise and when poor visibility requires; in daytime when vision drops to about 500 feet. |
| Illinois | On from sunset to sunrise and when wipers are needed; also when objects 1,000 feet away are unseen. |
| Indiana | Headlights are required between sunset and sunrise, and whenever visibility is less than 500 feet. |
| Iowa | Both headlights from sunset to sunrise, or whenever visibility is 500 feet or less (fog, heavy rain, snow). |
| Kansas | Headlights required whenever wipers are used; in fog, snow or heavy rain, low beams and fog lights are best. |
| Kentucky | From one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise. |
| Louisiana | Sunset to sunrise; when moisture or precipitation requires wipers; when weather makes your vehicle hard to see from 500 feet. |
| Maine | Headlights are required whenever you cannot see 1000 feet ahead, or whenever windshield wipers are in constant use. |
| Maryland | Headlights on when you cannot clearly see 1,000 feet ahead, and when using wipers in inclement weather. |
| Massachusetts | Half hour after sunset to half hour before sunrise, under 500 feet visibility, and with wipers. |
| Michigan | On from half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise, and whenever visibility is reduced. |
| Minnesota | Sunset to sunrise; also in rain, snow, sleet or hail, and when you cannot see more than 500 feet ahead. |
| Mississippi | Lights on sunset to sunrise or when unable to see 500 feet ahead; low beams within 500 feet of traffic. |
| New Jersey | Half hour after sunset to half hour before sunrise; also wipers on or visibility 500 ft or less. |
| New York | Half hour after sunset to half hour before sunrise, under 1,000 feet visibility, or when using wipers. |
| North Carolina | From sunset to sunrise, and when visibility is 400 feet or less. |
| Ohio | Between sunset and sunrise, whenever wipers run for precipitation, and when objects are unclear 1,000 feet ahead. |
| Oregon | From sunset to sunrise, whenever people or vehicles are hard to see 1,000 feet ahead, and when wipers are on. |
| Pennsylvania | Required when you can't see people or vehicles 1,000 feet ahead, and in all posted work zones. |
| Texas | From 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunrise, and whenever visibility is under 1,000 feet. |
Right turn on red
| Alabama | Right turn allowed after stopping, from proper lane, yielding to traffic and pedestrians; not where a sign prohibits. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Allowed after a full stop when safe, unless a "No turn on red" sign prohibits it. |
| Arizona | Allowed after a full stop if clear and no sign forbids it; yield to pedestrians, bicyclists, oncoming traffic. |
| Arkansas | Allowed after a complete stop unless a sign prohibits it; check for pedestrians and opposing traffic. |
| California | Allowed after a full stop, yielding to pedestrians, unless a sign prohibits it; never against a red arrow. |
| Colorado | After stopping and yielding to pedestrians and traffic, unless a sign prohibits it. |
| Connecticut | Allowed after a full stop and checking for oncoming traffic, unless a sign prohibits the turn. |
| Delaware | Allowed after a full stop, unless a posted sign or a steady red arrow prohibits it. |
| Florida | After stopping, if no NO TURN ON RED sign and way clear; yield to pedestrians and oncoming traffic. |
| Georgia | Allowed after a complete stop, yielding to traffic and pedestrians, unless a sign prohibits it. |
| Hawaii | Right on red after stopping unless a sign prohibits it; yield to all pedestrians and vehicles. |
| Idaho | After stopping and yielding to cross-traffic, you may turn right on red, except where posted otherwise. |
| Illinois | Allowed after a complete stop, yielding to traffic, bicyclists and pedestrians, unless a sign prohibits it. |
| Indiana | Where permissible, after a full stop, if no "No Turn on Red" sign is posted. |
| Iowa | Allowed after a complete stop, yielding to all traffic, unless a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted. |
| Kansas | Right on red allowed after stopping and checking traffic and pedestrians, unless a sign prohibits it. |
| Kentucky | Allowed after stopping if no traffic approaches, unless a sign prohibits it. |
| Louisiana | Allowed after stopping and yielding to traffic and pedestrians, unless a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted. |
| Maine | Allowed after stopping unless posted otherwise; yield to pedestrians and all vehicle traffic. |
| Maryland | Allowed after a complete stop unless a sign prohibits it; yield to pedestrians. |
| Massachusetts | Allowed after a full stop, yielding to pedestrians and vehicles, unless NO TURN ON RED is posted. |
| Michigan | When turning right on red, yield to other vehicles; a "No Turn On Red" sign prohibits it. |
| Minnesota | After stopping, when intersection is clear and traffic may go that way; not at a No Turn on Red sign. |
| Mississippi | Allowed after a complete stop, yielding to traffic and pedestrians, unless a sign prohibits it. |
| New Jersey | Allowed after a full stop and checking traffic, unless a No Turn on Red sign is posted. |
| New York | After full stop, yielding to traffic and pedestrians, unless signed no turn; New York City: only if signed. |
| North Carolina | Allowed after a complete stop, unless a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted. |
| Ohio | Allowed after a complete stop, once all crossing traffic and pedestrians have cleared the intersection. |
| Oregon | After full stop: right onto two-way roads; right or left onto one-way roads in their direction; not where signs prohibit. |
| Pennsylvania | Allowed after stopping and yielding to pedestrians and traffic, unless a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted. |
| Texas | After stopping, right on red allowed unless a sign or law prohibits it; yield to others. |
Speed limits
| Alabama | Statutory: 30 mph urban district; 55 mph other locations; 70 mph where posted on an interstate. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | Unposted maximums: business district 20 mph, residential 25, any other roadway 55. |
| Arizona | No limit posted: 25 mph business or residential, 75 mph rural freeways. |
| Arkansas | County roads: 40 mph unless the county judge has set another limit. |
| California | 25 mph in business/residential districts and near schools when children are present; 65 mph most highways; 55 two-lane undivided. |
| Colorado | Unless posted: residence districts 30 mph, business districts 25 mph, designated rural interstates and highways 65-75 mph. |
| Connecticut | The manual does not state it |
| Delaware | School zones 20 mph; divided roads and roads with four or more lanes 55; Route 1 and I-495 65. |
| Florida | Unless posted: 30 mph municipal, business, residential; 55 mph streets and highways; 70 mph limited access. |
| Georgia | Unless posted: 30 mph urban/residential, 65 mph urban interstate or multi-lane divided highway, 70 mph rural interstate. |
| Hawaii | The manual does not state it |
| Idaho | 35 mph residential, business or urban; 65 on state highways (70 if posted); posted limits in school zones. |
| Illinois | Unless posted: 70 mph interstates/tollways, 30 mph city/town; school zones 20 mph, school days 6:30 a.m.-4 p.m., children present. |
| Indiana | Most urban residential areas 30 mph; rural interstates 70 mph for passenger vehicles; or lower posted limits, including school zones. |
| Iowa | Unposted limits: 20 mph business district, 25 residential or school district, 70 rural interstate. |
| Kansas | Unless posted: 30 mph in urban districts, 20 mph in marked school zones, 65 mph on State/Federal highways outside towns. |
| Kentucky | When unposted: 65 mph interstates and parkways, 55 mph other state highways, 35 mph business or residential districts. |
| Louisiana | Interstate maximum 70 mph unless posted; reduced limits in residential/business areas; school limit only when sign flashes. |
| Maine | Unless posted: 25 mph in business or residential areas, 45 outside, 15 passing a school at recess. |
| Maryland | The manual does not state it |
| Massachusetts | Unless posted: over 30 mph in built-up or business areas, 40 elsewhere, is unreasonable; 20 near schools. |
| Michigan | Unposted: 55 mph non-freeway, 70 mph freeway, 25 mph in subdivisions. |
| Minnesota | Unless signs say otherwise, under ideal conditions: alleys 10 mph, urban or town roads 30, elsewhere 55. |
| Mississippi | Passenger car maximums: interstate 70 mph, four-lane state or U.S. highway 65 mph, two-lane highway 55 mph. |
| New Jersey | 25 mph school zones, business/residential areas; 50 mph unposted rural; up to 65 mph some interstates. |
| New York | No posted limit: 55 mph; New York City 25 mph unless posted; expressways normally 55, 65 in some rural areas. |
| North Carolina | 35 mph in cities and towns unless posted; maximums: 55 mph outside cities and towns, 70 mph on interstates. |
| Ohio | The manual does not state it |
| Oregon | Unless posted: residential districts 25 mph; school speed zones 20 mph; roads not otherwise defined 55 mph. |
| Pennsylvania | School zones: 15 mph when lights flash or during posted times; Pennsylvania's maximum speed limit is 70 mph. |
| Texas | Urban district 30 mph; numbered highways outside urban districts 70 mph; some limited-access highways up to 85 mph. |
Left lane and keeping right
| Alabama | On a freeway, vehicles traveling slower than normal traffic speed must keep to the right. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | On controlled access multi-lane roads, slow moving vehicles must keep right. |
| Arizona | Stay right, left lane only for passing; on three lanes the far right is the slower lane. |
| Arkansas | Multilane highways: no driving in the left lane except listed cases, e.g. passing or all other lanes closed for construction. |
| California | Left lane is for passing or left turns; if driving slower than traffic, stay in the right lane. |
| Colorado | On freeways, drive in the rightmost lane when slower than normal; left lane is for passing, left turns. |
| Connecticut | Under three lanes your way: right lane except to pass; yield right to vehicles wanting to pass. |
| Delaware | With 2+ lanes stay in the right lane except to pass; the left-most lane is for passing. |
| Florida | Move out of the left lane when a faster vehicle overtakes you; slower traffic stays right unless passing. |
| Georgia | Slower drivers must leave the passing lane (most left lanes) when faster traffic approaches, at any speed. |
| Hawaii | Slower traffic: far-right lane; two lanes your way: left lane for passing or when vehicles enter from the right. |
| Idaho | On freeways the left lane is for faster traffic and passing; don't stay in the extreme left lane impeding traffic. |
| Illinois | Slower traffic keeps right; left is for passing and turning. Interstates: left lane only for passing, with exceptions. |
| Indiana | Slower vehicles use the right lane; the left lane is for faster-moving or passing vehicles. |
| Iowa | On roads with two or more lanes in one direction, the left lane is generally used for passing. |
| Kansas | Slower drivers stay in the right lane on multilane highways posted Slower Traffic Keep Right. |
| Kentucky | With two lanes one way, the left lane is for passing; staying there on limited access highways is illegal. |
| Louisiana | Slower traffic stays in the right lane where signed; on interstates the far left lane is for passing. |
| Maine | Expressway: right lane unless passing. With 3+ lanes each way, left lane is for passing or left turns. |
| Maryland | On highways, if driving slower than traffic, you must use the right lane whenever possible. |
| Massachusetts | With two or more lanes your way, use the right lane unless passing, turning left or blocked. |
| Michigan | On freeways keep to the right lane, except for listed reasons like congestion or a right-lane obstacle or hazard. |
| Minnesota | On highways with several lanes your way, use the right-hand lane when available; may leave it for left turns. |
| Mississippi | Right lane for through and slower traffic; left lane for passing; four-lane highways: right except to pass or turn left. |
| New Jersey | The manual does not state it |
| New York | The manual does not state it |
| North Carolina | Interstates: keep right, pass on left; slower than the limit on multi-lane highways: rightmost lane, except passing, left turns, obstructions. |
| Ohio | Drive on the right half; the left-most lane is for passing; slower-than-traffic vehicles use the right lane. |
| Oregon | Driving slower than traffic: use the right lane or stay near the right edge, unless preparing to turn left. |
| Pennsylvania | The manual does not state it |
| Texas | The right lane is for slower traffic; use the middle or left lane when passing or going faster. |
Points and suspension
| Alabama | 12-14 points in 2 years: 60-day suspension, rising to 365 days at 24 or more points. |
|---|---|
| Alaska | 12 points in 12 months or 18 points in 24 months means mandatory suspension or revocation. |
| Arizona | Points per moving-violation conviction; 8 or more in 12 months means Traffic Survival School or possible suspension. |
| Arkansas | The manual does not state it |
| California | Adults may be suspended at 4 points in 12 months, 6 in 24, or 8 in 36. |
| Colorado | Reaching the minimum point accumulation for suspension can cost your driving privilege; the number is not stated. |
| Connecticut | The manual does not state it |
| Delaware | 8 calculated points: advisory letter; 12: 2-month suspension if the required course is skipped; 14: 4-month suspension. |
| Florida | 12 points in 12 months: 30 days; 18 in 18 months: 3 months; 24 in 36: 1 year. |
| Georgia | 15 points in 24 months; under 18, 4 points in 12 months. Points reset to zero after suspension. |
| Hawaii | The manual does not state it |
| Idaho | 12 points in 12 months: 30-day suspension; 18 in 24 months: 90 days; 24 in 36: six months. |
| Illinois | Suspension for traffic convictions: three in 12 months (age 21+); two in 24 months if under 21. |
| Indiana | The manual does not state it |
| Iowa | The manual does not state it |
| Kansas | The manual does not state it |
| Kentucky | 12 points in two years (7 if under 18) may bring suspension; points expire after two years. |
| Louisiana | The manual does not state it |
| Maine | Warning at 6 demerit points; license suspended at 12 points or more; points erased after one year. |
| Maryland | Points can lead to suspension or revocation. Provisional license: first time 5 or more points in 12 months, 6-month suspension. |
| Massachusetts | Three surchargeable events in two years: retraining course within 90 days; seven in three years: 60-day suspension. |
| Michigan | Points stay 2 years; 6+ one-point violations or 12+ points within 2 years require a driver reexamination. |
| Minnesota | The manual does not state it |
| Mississippi | The manual does not state it |
| New Jersey | 12 to 14 points in 24 months brings a suspension notice; options include a program, hearing or surrender. |
| New York | 11 or more points within 18 months: DMV notifies you by mail of license suspension. |
| North Carolina | 12 points within three years may lead to suspension; the first point-system suspension is 60 days. |
| Ohio | Six points in two years: warning letter; 12 or more points in two years: license suspension. |
| Oregon | The manual does not state it |
| Pennsylvania | 6+ points: special written exam the first time, Departmental hearing the second. Junior license: 6+ points means 90-day suspension. |
| Texas | Suspension possible after 4+ convictions in 12 months or 7+ in 24; under 18: 2+ in 12 months. |