Driving Test Practice

How to get a driver's license in Alaska

This page explains, step by step, how to get an Alaska driver license for a regular car and which documents to bring. It is based on the website of the Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and on the Alaska Driver Manual (revised October 2025), and in a few places on the Alaska Statutes and the Alaska Administrative Code. This site is independent and is not the DMV.

Independent educational site · not affiliated with any government agency or DMV

Checked against the official sources on 2026-10-05. Requirements can change: always confirm with Alaska Department of Administration, Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) before you go.

How it works

  • Who needs a license

    Every person who drives a motor vehicle on Alaska streets, highways or other public property needs a valid Alaska driver license or permit, with a few exceptions. State law adds that a driver must have in their possession a valid physical or electronic Alaska license for the type or class of vehicle being driven, unless the law expressly exempts them.

    Source: [1] [21]

  • The license for a regular car

    Class D is the license used for operating passenger vehicles, and it is the license this guide covers. Classes A, B and C are commercial licenses with a separate manual. Separate tests are required to operate a motorcycle, motor scooter or moped.

    Source: [1]

  • The minimum driving age

    • A person is eligible for an instruction permit at 14.
    • A license may be issued to an applicant who is at least 16 years old. The department may not issue a driver license under age 16, but it may issue a permit or restricted license instead.
    • A provisional license is for ages 16 and 17.
    • People aged 14 or 15 may obtain an M2 license for motor scooters under 50 cc.

    Source: [1] [2] [3] [21]

  • Your steps depend on your age

    People 18 or older can apply for their first Alaska driver license. Younger people can start earlier with a parent’s support.

    • If you are under 18, you move from an instruction permit to a provisional license and then to a full license (see “If you are under 18” below).
    • If you are 18 or older, you may get a license without provisional restrictions and without parental consent (see “If you are 18 or older” below).

    Source: [1] [2] [3] [4]

  • Who cannot be licensed

    • A license will not be issued to an applicant whose driving privilege is suspended, canceled or revoked in Alaska or in another state.
    • If another state suspended, canceled or revoked your privileges, written proof from that state that this has ended is required before an Alaska license is issued.

    Source: [1]

  • Use the DMV’s own pages

    The Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) home page offers “Make Or View Office Appointments”. Rules, forms and fees change, so check the DMV’s pages before you go. This guide does not repeat fee amounts; use the fees page in the links at the end.

    Source: [19]

If you are under 18: permit, provisional license, full license

  1. Get an instruction permit

    A person is eligible for an instruction permit at 14. State law lets a person who is at least 14 apply for a noncommercial instruction permit, which the DMV may issue after the applicant passes all parts of the examination other than the driving test.

    • To get the permit, go to a local DMV office and complete the steps listed on the DMV’s Instruction Permit page.
    • To obtain an original permit you satisfy the identification requirements, pass the vision and written tests and, if you are under 18, have parental consent.
    • Bring a completed application (Form D1).
    • Bring the parental consent form: Form 433 for a car, Form 433M for a motorcycle.
    • Bring proof of your relationship to the minor, for example a birth certificate, adoption or guardianship documents.
    • The knowledge test can be practised on the DMV’s practice test and then taken online.
    • A special instruction permit may be issued to people enrolled in an approved high school, community college, commercial driver training course or approved medical program.

    Source: [1] [2] [21]

  2. Parental consent

    Alaska requires a parent’s or guardian’s signature for every minor under 18 applying for a driver license or instruction permit. The signer may become liable for damages in a crash caused by the minor.

    • A separate consent is required for each type of permit or license issued.
    • If the parent is not present, a completed, notarized Parent/Guardian Consent for a Minor (Form 433) is required.
    • A spouse who is at least 18 years old may consent for a minor; a certified marriage certificate is required to verify the relationship.
    • A legal guardian means one appointed by the courts who presents court documents.
    • Step-parents and foster parents are not authorized to sign consent for a license or permit.
    • Motorcycle permits and licenses for applicants under 18 need both parents or guardians to consent.
    • A parent or guardian may withdraw consent in writing at any time before the minor’s 18th birthday.

    Source: [1] [2]

  3. Practice with the permit

    Instruction permits are valid for two years and may be renewed one time. While practicing, the permit holder must be accompanied by a licensed driver who is at least 21, has at least one year of experience in that type of vehicle and sits in the passenger seat.

    • For motorcycles or motor scooters, the permit holder must be within visual sight and under the immediate supervision of the licensed driver.

    Source: [1] [2]

  4. Six months of practice and 40 hours of experience

    Applicants who are 16 or 17 must have a valid instruction permit for at least six months before they can be issued a license. A parent, guardian or employer must certify at least 40 hours of driving experience, including at least 10 hours in progressively challenging circumstances (for example, bad weather and night).

    • If you held an out-of-state permit that was converted to an Alaska permit, the entire time you held a permit counts toward the six months.
    • You cannot have been convicted of a traffic violation or had your license suspended or revoked in the six months before the date of application.

    Source: [1] [3] [8] [21]

  5. Apply for the provisional license

    A provisional license is for ages 16 and 17. You must be at least 16 and have held a learner’s permit for a minimum of six months. A road test is required for the provisional license.

    • Bring the parental consent form (Form 433), the application (Form D1) and proof of your relationship to the minor. Parental consent is required on every driving credential application for anyone under 18.
    • For the road test, bring a valid Alaska permit held at least six months with no violations in the last six months, and parental consent for when you pass your test.
    • After passing a non-commercial road test, the license is issued at a DMV office or at a license-processing business partner (by appointment or visit).

    Source: [3] [8]

  6. From provisional to a full license

    The provisional stage is a minimum of six months and can remain in effect up to the age of 18.

    • To graduate to a full license you need at least six months on the provisional license, and you cannot have been convicted of violating a traffic law or of repeat minor consuming alcohol during the six months before applying.
    • After six months of conviction-free driving and no convictions for illegal use of alcohol or drugs, you may have the provisional restriction removed. A new parental consent is needed.
    • The restrictions no longer apply after age 18 or once you go to the DMV and have them removed.
    • State law states the same rule: a 16- or 17-year-old may not be issued a full driver license unless they held a permit for six months and a valid provisional license for at least six months, with no traffic conviction in the six months before applying.

    Source: [1] [21]

Rules for young drivers

  • Provisional license: night driving

    • A provisional license holder may not drive between 1:00 and 5:00 a.m.
    • Between 1 and 5 a.m. a provisional driver may drive only if accompanied by a parent, legal guardian or person 21 or older who is licensed for that class of vehicle.
    • Exception: driving to or from work, or within the scope of employment, along the most direct route.

    Source: [1] [3] [21]

  • Provisional license: the restriction codes

    The provisional restrictions are coded A (passengers) and B (hours of operation). They are required for a minimum of six months for any driver under 18. The DMV’s Provisional License page and the Alaska Driver Manual word the passenger rule differently. Both allow siblings as passengers, and both forbid carrying a passenger under 21 who is not a sibling when no parent, legal guardian or person 21 or older is in the vehicle. Read the exact rule on those pages.

    Source: [1] [3] [16]

  • If you make a mistake while driving

    • Violating the provisional-license restrictions is an infraction.
    • If you are found guilty of breaking a traffic law while driving with a learner’s permit, you must wait six months before you are eligible to apply for the provisional license.
    • For a learner’s permit holder, the DMV’s Provisional License page says that traffic citations adding up to 6 or more points within 12 months, or 9 or more points within 24 months, mandate enrollment in a nationally certified defensive driving course. The manual says a provisional license holder who reaches those points must complete a driver improvement course approved by the DMV.

    Source: [1] [3] [21]

If you are 18 or older

  • Apply in person

    Adults apply at a local DMV office with Form D1, which can be filled out and printed in advance. You must go to a local DMV office to apply for a driver license. A driver 18 or older may get a license without provisional restrictions and without parental consent.

    Source: [1] [4]

  • Which tests you take

    • The written (knowledge) test is required for applicants who are not currently licensed in Alaska, whose driving privileges have been expired for over one year, or whose driving privileges have been revoked.
    • The driving test is required for applicants who have never been licensed, who have not had a valid license for the past 5 years, or whose driving privileges have been revoked.
    • The Administrative Code waives the road test if the applicant previously held the same class of license in another state or territory, a Canadian province or territory, or a province of Korea, and it was expired, suspended, revoked, disqualified or cancelled for less than five years.
    • An applicant for an original license, or for a renewal of a license expired more than one year, must prove lawful status and take the vision and knowledge tests.

    Source: [1] [22]

  • Living away from the road system

    People living in communities that are not connected to the road system can get an off-highway Class D license without a road test (restriction 6). The option is also available to someone 18 or older who has never held a license.

    • Eligibility: you live in a community not connected to the road system, you do not have access to DMV services, and you live where a skills test is not offered at least once per year.
    • Rural applicants pass the written test online or through a proctor in their area.
    • An off-highway license acts as an instruction permit everywhere else in Alaska.
    • To remove restriction 6, schedule and pass a road test at a DMV office or driving school.
    • The Mobile DMV Program works with rural communities to provide road tests, credential processing and REAL ID services.

    Source: [4] [16] [17]

Moving to Alaska

New Resident Guide →

  • Visitors and the 90 days

    Visitors with a valid out-of-state or foreign license may drive in Alaska for up to 90 days. If you are moving to Alaska, the DMV’s Visiting or New to Alaska page explains when and how to transfer your license; read it for how it applies to you.

    Source: [6]

  • Whether you test

    • Transferring a license means passing a written test on Alaska driving standards and a vision test, and providing acceptable identity and residence address documents.
    • No driving test is required if you hold, or held in the last five years, a license from a U.S. state, U.S. territory, Canada or South Korea.
    • Show your previous license by surrendering it or, if it is lost, provide a certified driving record. An applicant holding an out-of-state license may be required to surrender it before an Alaska license is issued.
    • A valid motorcycle license or endorsement from another jurisdiction transfers if the Alaska Motorcycle Knowledge test is passed in addition to all other requirements.
    • The written test may be attempted only once per day.

    Source: [1] [6]

  • Members of the armed forces and their families

    • U.S. armed forces members, and their spouses over 18, with a valid license from the state where they keep their permanent residence are exempt from needing an Alaska license. Dependents are not exempt.
    • Active-duty military stationed in Alaska who remain residents of another state (and their spouses) need no Alaska license; dependents must surrender their out-of-state license and get an Alaska license.

    Source: [1] [14]

  • Drivers from other countries

    • All documents must be original, valid and unexpired.
    • Eligibility depends on your immigration admittance class. The DMV’s page lists the eligible and not-eligible classes; holders of some classes (for example C-1 to C-4, D-1, D-2 and the temporary visa waiver) are not eligible for a license, permit or state ID card.
    • The DMV verifies immigration information through the federal SAVE program. If SAVE cannot verify it immediately, a USCIS staff review (second-step verification) is needed, which can take approximately 8 weeks.
    • For classes requiring an I-94, print a copy at cbp.gov/i-94 and include it with the application.
    • The license or ID may have a duration under 8 years to match the authorized stay in the United States.
    • Documents that are not in English need an English translation.

    Source: [5] [22]

Documents to bring

  • What to bring

    Bring one document from each category: name and date of birth, current address, and Social Security number, plus proof of a name change if you need it. The manual says you must provide documentary proof of your date of birth and of U.S. citizenship or authorized stay.

    • If you have a Social Security number, you must put it on your application, and it must verify with Social Security records.
    • If you cannot obtain one of the documents, contact the DMV for other possible options.

    Source: [1] [4]

  • Proof of name, date of birth and lawful presence

    The DMV’s Your First Alaska Driver’s License page lists the primary documents it accepts. Examples on that page include:

    • an original or certified copy of a U.S. birth certificate from Vital Statistics;
    • a passport or passport card issued by the United States or a U.S. territory;
    • a foreign passport with the appropriate immigration status forms.
    • Birth certificates must have a raised seal and be issued by an authorized government agency; hospital-issued and baptismal certificates are not acceptable. Expired U.S. passports are not valid. The DMV’s page has the full list, so check it before you go.

    Source: [1] [4]

  • Proof of your address

    You must provide proof of your residence address, such as a bank statement, utility bill or pay stub. The DMV’s page adds the following:

    • The proof must show your legal first and last name and your residence address, including city, state and zip code. A post office box or mail cache facility is not accepted.
    • Accepted proofs include a utility bill, Alaska voter registration card, paycheck stub, school records or insurance documents, a canceled check or bank statement, and lease or mortgage documents.
    • An Alaska title or registration counts as address proof if it was issued at least 30 days before the application.
    • In off-highway communities without standard street addresses, a physical description of the residence may be listed instead of a street address.

    Source: [1] [4]

  • If your name has changed

    If your legal name differs from the name on your primary document, bring proof of the name change, and update your name with Social Security before changing it with the DMV.

    • The DMV must be able to link your old, new and in-between names through original or certified government documents.
    • Name-change documents must be an original or certified copy issued by a government agency.

    Source: [1] [4]

  • Proof of relationship for minors

    A birth certificate in English, or with a certificate of translation, that includes a parent’s legal name can verify the parent-child relationship. For unique situations about proof of relationship, call the DMV at 907-269-5551.

    Source: [2]

  • Your photograph

    A photograph is taken after all requirements are met. Hats, sunglasses and theatrical makeup must be removed. Head coverings worn for religious or medical reasons may stay, moved above the forehead for a full facial picture.

    Source: [1]

REAL ID

  • What it is

    • Obtaining an Alaska REAL ID is optional. The Alaska REAL ID is not mandatory for Alaskans with a non-commercial license.
    • REAL ID cards show a star in the top right corner; standard cards have no star and say “Federal limits apply”.
    • A compliant card can be used to enter federal buildings, including military bases, and to board domestic commercial flights.
    • The federal REAL ID enforcement deadline was May 7, 2025, and the DMV continues to issue REAL ID-compliant credentials at all locations.
    • A person may hold only one federally compliant card.
    • A REAL ID marked “Limited Term” has an expiration date aligned with the temporary resident’s authorized period of stay.

    Source: [4] [7] [19] [23]

  • How to get one

    If you choose a REAL ID, you must apply in person and provide the necessary documentation. State law says an applicant must clearly request a federally compliant license to get one.

    • All applicants for a compliant card, including current cardholders, must apply in person and bring source documents, even if they were shown before.
    • You need proof of U.S. citizenship, permanent residency or other lawful status.
    • You need two documents verifying Alaska residency.
    • Social Security number: the DMV’s REAL ID page lists what to bring for it, including what to bring if you do not have one.
    • The DMV has an online REAL ID checklist showing what documents to bring.

    Source: [4] [7] [21]

  • Proving identity for a REAL ID

    Under the Administrative Code, a federally compliant license needs at least one source document to establish identity. Examples are a valid, unexpired U.S. passport, a certified birth certificate, a consular report of birth abroad and a valid, unexpired permanent resident card, among others. Your principal residence is documented with at least two documents that include your name and principal residence.

    Source: [23]

At the office and online

  • Appointments and online services

    Online services listed in the manual include making an appointment to take a knowledge test at a DMV office or to get a permit or license issued. The DMV home page offers “Make Or View Office Appointments”.

    • Offices set their own rules and hours. For example, the Anchorage office lets you schedule appointments online, requires you to pass the knowledge test by 4:30 p.m. to be issued a permit or license, and is closed the first Tuesday of each month from 8:30 to 9:30 a.m. Road tests at Anchorage require an appointment, scheduled online.
    • At the Bethel office you must start the knowledge test at least 30 minutes before closing.
    • Check the DMV’s office locations page for your office.

    Source: [1] [15] [19]

  • DMV Business Partners

    DMV Business Partners are privately owned businesses and they charge a fee for their service. Service availability varies by Business Partner. Check the DMV’s Business Partners page for what a partner near you offers.

    Source: [20]

  • Paying

    The DMV accepts all credit cards, personalized checks or money orders made out to the State of Alaska. Fee amounts are on the DMV’s fees page (see the links at the end).

    Source: [18]

  • Organ and tissue donation

    You can indicate organ and tissue donation on your application when the license is issued or renewed.

    Source: [1]

The tests

  • The knowledge test

    The written test covers only information in the manual: traffic laws, safe driving practices and highway sign recognition. State law says the examination tests eyesight, the ability to read and understand traffic control devices, knowledge of safe driving practices, the effects of alcohol and drugs and the related laws, and the traffic laws.

    • The knowledge test can be taken at in-person testing locations or online.
    • According to the manual, the online system lets you take the test anywhere and at any time on your own device, offers multiple languages and audio playback, and gives immediate pass/fail results with directions for next steps.
    • The manual may not be used during the test. No cell phone, text messaging, crib notes, hand signals, driver’s manual or other assistance may be used.
    • If a person reads the questions aloud to you, you must answer independently; the reader may not help with the answers.
    • Successful knowledge test and road test results are valid for one year.

    Source: [1] [6] [21] [22]

  • Practice test

    The DMV offers an online practice test, and the DMV’s online services include taking a practice knowledge test.

    Source: [1] [4]

  • If you do not pass the knowledge test

    If the written test is failed, it may be retaken the following day. After later fails, the Administrative Code says the department may allow one retake per day until the applicant passes.

    Source: [1] [22]

  • What the sources do not say

    The sources used for this guide do not state the number of questions on the knowledge test, the passing score, a list of the test languages or how many times you may fail. This site does not guess; ask the DMV or see its pages.

    Source: [1]

  • The vision test

    A vision test is required of each driver before any license or permit is issued.

    • The standard is at least 20/40 in each eye or with both eyes together.
    • If you normally wear corrective lenses, bring them when you apply.
    • Instead of the vision test, you may submit a certified statement from a licensed physician or optometrist.
    • Restriction 1 (corrective lenses) is added when lenses are used to meet the minimum vision standard.

    Source: [1] [16]

  • The road test: booking

    The road test shows you can drive safely under real-life conditions and apply traffic laws. Schedule your road test online.

    • Tests can be scheduled 24 hours ahead and up to 60 days in advance at some locations.
    • The online system sends a reminder email 3 days before the appointment.
    • You may reschedule up to 24 hours before the appointment for no fee.
    • Driving tests are given at DMV offices and by state-approved third-party testers, such as driving schools and DMV Business Partner offices. Third-party testers typically offer vehicles for use during the test and more flexible hours.
    • Motorcycle road tests are not given in the winter months.

    Source: [1] [8]

  • The road test: what to bring

    You must furnish a currently registered vehicle with proof of insurance for the test.

    • Bring the current vehicle registration certificate, printed.
    • A rental car is allowed if you are listed on the rental agreement as an authorized driver.
    • If you are 18 or older, bring your instruction permit or general knowledge test scores (within one year of passing the test).
    • Bring corrective lenses if you require them or have restriction 1 on your permit.
    • The vehicle needs enough fuel for a 30-minute exam (1/4 tank), the windshield must not have cracks in the field of vision, and studded snow tires can only be used where and when legal.
    • The driving test may be refused or delayed until mechanical defects are corrected.
    • An autocycle may not be used for a Class D road test.
    • Backing and parking assist devices may be used only as assistive devices.

    Source: [1] [8] [22]

  • The road test: what happens

    The driving test consists of normal driving tasks; you will not be asked to do anything against the law. The examiner will give instructions and score your driving, so do not converse unnecessarily.

    • The road exam covers parallel parking, backing, quick stop, turns, lane changes, freeway entry and exit, a 3-point turn, traffic signals, speed control, following a vehicle, intersections, stop signs and general driving.
    • The parallel parking space is 10 feet wide by 30 feet long, outlined by cones.
    • Animals and passengers are not allowed to accompany you on a road test, and your cell phone must be turned off.
    • A violation of a traffic law, a dangerous driving action, lack of cooperation or refusal to perform, or contributing to a crash is an automatic fail and stops the exam.

    Source: [1] [8]

  • If you do not pass the road test

    If you fail, the examiner will advise what to practice and when you may return. Normally you must wait two business days to retake the road test.

    Source: [1]

After you pass

  • How long a license lasts

    • State law sets expiration on the licensee’s birthday in the eighth year following the issuance of a new license.
    • A license issued to a person under 21 expires 90 days after the person turns 21.

    Source: [1] [21]

  • Renewing

    • Alaska has no grace period once a license has expired.
    • You can renew for up to one year minus one day before expiration. If your license is set to expire within the next year, start the renewal process; online renewal is available.
    • State law says a license cannot be renewed by mail or online if the most recent renewal was also by mail or online, or if the applicant is 69 or older on the expiration date.
    • If you are turning 21, renew your license after your 21st birthday. You must pass an Alcohol & Drug Awareness Test to renew a license after turning 21.
    • The DMV’s Turning 21 page says that after you renew, a paper temporary license arrives in your email a week after you apply online, or the same day if you apply in person. The card is mailed, usually in about 2 to 4 weeks, to the mailing address on the application, so make sure that address is deliverable, even if it is out of state.
    • The DMV’s online services include seeing the mailing status of an issued license or permit.

    Source: [1] [9] [10] [18] [21]

  • Changing your name or address

    Tell the DMV when your name or address changes; check the DMV’s pages for the time limit for reporting a change.

    • DMV records are not linked: you must update every vehicle and driver license separately.
    • A name change in person needs proof of the change; multiple changes need documentation proving continuity.

    Source: [11] [12]

  • Replacing a lost license

    If a license or permit is lost, stolen, destroyed or illegible, a duplicate may be obtained with proper identification. A replacement license can be applied for online.

    Source: [1] [13]

Keeping your license

  • Carry it

    The license must always be in the licensee’s possession while driving. State law adds that a licensee must show it on demand to a peace officer.

    Source: [1] [21]

  • Insurance

    Alaska’s Mandatory Insurance Law requires the vehicle owner or driver to carry liability insurance, and proof of it must be in the vehicle.

    Source: [1]

  • Points

    Accumulating 12 points in 12 months or 18 points in 24 months requires mandatory suspension or revocation.

    Source: [1]

  • After a crash

    • After a crash with bodily injury, death or property damage above the amount stated in the manual, proof of insurance must be given to the DMV within 15 days.
    • Crashes must be reported to the DMV within 10 days (this is not required if a police officer investigated).

    Source: [1]

Practice-hours log · A free log for supervised driving practice: add each session, see your total and night hours, and print it. Saved only on your device.

Ready for the knowledge test?

Practice free with questions from the Alaska driver's manual.

Practice by topicExam simulator

Sources

  1. Alaska Driver Manual (DMV), REV. 10/2025, English — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  2. Instruction Permit — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  3. Provisional License — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  4. Your First Alaska Driver's License — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  5. New to Alaska from another country — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  6. Visiting or New to Alaska — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  7. REAL ID Update — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  8. Road Test — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  9. Renew your Alaska Driver License — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  10. License Renewal - Turning 21 — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  11. Changing Identification Details — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  12. How to Change Your Address — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  13. Duplicate Alaska Driver License — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  14. Military & Veteran Services — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  15. State DMV Office Locations — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  16. Non-Commercial License Restrictions and Types — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  17. Guide to Rural Driving Information — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  18. Frequently Asked Questions — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  19. DMV home page — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  20. DMV Business Partners — Alaska Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Department of Administration
  21. Alaska Statutes Title 28, Chapter 15 (Driver Licensing), sections 28.15.011-28.15.999 — Alaska State Legislature (akleg.gov)
  22. Alaska Administrative Code, 2 AAC 90.400-90.490 (driver licensing) — Alaska State Legislature (akleg.gov, Administrative Code)
  23. Alaska Administrative Code, 2 AAC 90.500-90.699 (REAL ID / federally compliant cards) — Alaska State Legislature (akleg.gov, Administrative Code)